Fundamentals
Interval Inversion and Compound Intervals Explained
Inverting an interval moves its lower note up an octave, and the two numbers add to nine. Compound intervals are wider than an octave and take a simpler name.
Topic
Fundamentals
Pitch, notation, intervals and scales — the vocabulary everything else on this site assumes.
Notation is a technology with a history and a set of conventions that are easy to half-learn. These articles cover the parts that everything else depends on: how intervals are counted, how key signatures are ordered and read, what octave numbers mean in notation, software and instrument ranges, and how clefs and transposition change what a player sees on the page.
Fundamentals
Whole-Tone and Diminished Scales: Structure, Spelling and Sound
The whole-tone scale uses only whole steps, and the octatonic scales alternate whole and half steps. Here are their spellings on C and the chords they fit.
Fundamentals
Dynamics and Articulation Markings Explained
Dynamics set how loud a passage is, relative to its surroundings. Articulations set how each note starts and ends. This guide defines the common marks.
Fundamentals
Enharmonic Equivalents and Double Accidentals Explained
Enharmonic notes share one pitch under two names, such as C♯ and D♭. Learn why the spelling matters, what double sharps and flats do, and where they appear.
Fundamentals
How to Read Sheet Music: Staves, Clefs and Note Names
The staff, the treble and bass clefs, line and space names, ledger lines, and where the key and time signatures sit, with a table to learn from.
Fundamentals
The Major Scale Formula: Whole and Half Steps Explained
The major scale is seven notes spaced whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half. Here is the formula, four scales built from it, and the sharps and flats it forces.
Fundamentals
Relative and Parallel Keys Explained: Major and Minor Partners
A major key has two close minor partners. The relative minor shares its key signature, the parallel minor shares its tonic, and each pair connects keys in a different way.
Fundamentals
Scale Degrees Explained: Numbers, Names and Solfège
Scale degrees number each note of a scale from its tonic, and solfège names the same positions do, re, mi. Degree names, movable and fixed do, and why degrees travel between keys.
Fundamentals
Tempo Markings Explained: Largo to Presto in Beats per Minute
Italian tempo words run from slow to fast. Approximate beats-per-minute bands for each, the modifiers and transitions that change them, and why a metronome number needs a time signature.
Fundamentals
Church Modes From Dorian to Locrian: A Practical Guide
Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian and Locrian explained by pattern and color, with hearing tips and modern uses.
Fundamentals
Circle of Fifths Explained: Keys, Signatures, Changes
The circle of fifths organizes every key by signature and closeness. How to read it, memorize it, and use it for modulation and chord choice.
Fundamentals
Natural, Harmonic and Melodic Minor Scales Compared
Three minor scales, three different jobs. What each form changes, why composers switch between them, and how to hear the difference.
Fundamentals
Pentatonic and Blues Scales: Patterns With a Purpose
Major and minor pentatonics plus the blues scale: the patterns, the blue notes, and why five notes carry so much melody.
Fundamentals
Clefs and Transposition: What Players Actually Read
A clef fixes one pitch and the staff follows. Transposing instruments move it again, so the same written note reaches the audience at different pitches.
Fundamentals
Key Signatures and the Order of Sharps and Flats
Sharps arrive in the order F C G D A E B and flats in reverse. The order is the circle of fifths written out, one signature at a time.
Fundamentals
Reading Intervals at Sight: Generic and Specific
Naming an interval at sight takes two passes: count the staff positions first, then judge what the accidental does to the size.
Fundamentals
Scientific Pitch Notation: What C4 Actually Means
Middle C is C4 in scientific pitch notation, C3 on some manufacturers' labelling, and MIDI note 60 in every sequencer. The numbering is a convention.
The ebook
Music Theory: the site as a book
The site's working library as a structured ebook: intervals, keys, harmony, counterpoint, rhythm, form, tuning, orchestration and the history behind them.
- 78 pages
- PDF format
- $2.87
- By The musics.name project
The Gumroad link opens the seller’s listing and checkout. Review the current total and purchase terms there; the free site does not require a purchase.
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